Time and frequency measurements. Basic concepts. Oscillators and clocks. Evaluation of accuracy characteristics

N.B. Koshelyevsky

Al’manac of Modern Metrology № 2 (10) 2017, pages 12–150

Basic concepts of time measurements: clocks, scales, measures for the random time and frequency instability expression are described in the article. Time and frequency measuring instruments, measuring means for comparison of remote clocks and frequency standards, traveling clocks, radio and optical means are also described in the article.
The information about a metrical system of units, time scales formed by the Department of Time of BIPM, informational flow of the Department of Time of BIPM are given as a reference material. SI system and its future is described in the article.

Key words: time, frequency, oscillators, clock, accuracy characteristics, scales.

Full texts of articles are available only in Russian in printed issues of the magazine.