Issues in global navigation satellite systems signal processing on small satellites for bistatic sensing of water surface

Alexander V. Ksendzuk1,
Vyacheslav F. Fateev2,
Vladislav P. Lopatin3*

1, 2, 3 FSUE “VNIIFTRI”, Mendeleevo, Moscow region, Russia
1 SPIN-code: 2389-6036, ORCID: 0009-0001-7084-1433, Scopus ID: 56628472300
2 generalfat@mail.ru, SPIN-code: 5385-8126, ORCID: 0000-0001-7902-0212
3 lopatin@vniiftri.ru ( *corresponding author), SPIN-code: 2452-4255, ORCID: 0000-0001-7591-8877

Al’manac of Modern Metrology № 1 (45) 2025, pages 41–50

The page of the article in Russian

Original article

Abstract. The paper considers the problem of selecting optimal global navigation satellite systems satellites for processing onboard small satellite for remote sensing of the sea surface. It is shown that the bistatic Doppler frequency coefficient is a parameter determining the quality of retrieving wind and current parameters. Three criteria for optimizing the geometric configuration are proposed, allowing to automate the selection of satellites. The methodology is illustrated with examples of selecting GPS, GLONASS and Galileo satellites in accordance with the recommendations of the official CYGNSS project. The algorithm requires minimal computational costs.

Keywords: bistatic radiolocation, global navigation satellite systems (GNSS), GNSS reflectometry

For citation: Ksendzuk A.V., Fateev V.F., Lopatin V.P. Issues in global navigation satellite sys­tems signal processing on small satellites for bistatic sensing of water surface. Almanac of Modern Metrology. 2026; 45 (1): 41–50.

Funding. The research was completed with financial support from the Russian Science Foun­dation grant № 23-67-10007, https://rscf.ru/project/23-67-10007/.
Contribution of the authors. The authors have made equivalent contributions to the pre­paration of the article.
Conflict of interests. The authors declare that they have no potential conflict of interest in connection with the research presented in this article.

References

1. Ruf Ch.S., Posselt D.J., Majumdar Sh. etc. CYGNSS Handbook: Cyclone Global Navi­gation Satellite System. University of Michigan CLASP Research Group. April 2016.

2. Ruf Ch.S., Gleason S., Al-Khaldi M., McKague D. Level 1B DDM Calibration Algo­rithm Theoretical Basis Document. CYGNSS Project Document 148-0137, Rev 6. University of Michigan. December 2023.

3. Ruf Ch.S., Posselt D., Al-Khaldi M. Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document. Level 2 Wind Speed Retrieval. CYGNSS Project Document 148-0138, Rev 6. University of Michigan. December 2023.

4. Warnock A., Al-Khaldi M., Russel A., Ruf Ch. Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document.­ Level 3 Merged Gridded Wind Speed. CYGNSS Project Document 148-0319, Rev 1. University of Michigan. August 2018.

5. CYGNSS End-to-End Simulator (E2ES) Technical Memo. CYGNSS Science Team. University of Michigan. 2015–2023.

6. Ksendzuk A.V., Volosyuk V.K., Sologub N.S. Optimisation of the spatial attitude of the bistatic and multistatic synthetic aperture radar. In: Physics and Engineering of Micro­waves, Millimeter, and Submillimeter Waves, 2004. MSMW 04. The Fifth Interna­tional Kharkov Symposium. V. 1. 2004. P. 178–180. http://doi.org/10.1109/MSMW.2004.1345812.

7. Theoretical Foundations of Radar: a textbook for radio engineering specialties of uni­versities / ed. by V.E. Dulevich. 2nd ed., revised and expanded. Moscow: Sovetskoe radio, 1978. 607 p.

The article was submitted 24.11.2025; approved after reviewing 28.11.2025; accepted for publication 01.12.2025.

Full texts of articles are available only in Russian in printed issues of the magazine.

Previouse article ……. Contents ……. Next article