Mathematical model of error of fiber-optic time scale comparison systems using fiber-optic communication lines with bidirectional optical amplifiers

Oleg V. Kolmogorov

FSUE “VNIIFTRI”, Mendeleevo, Moscow region, Russia
kolmogorov@vniiftri.ru, SPIN-code: 6102-6338, ORCID: 0000-0002-5508-901X, Scopus ID: 56600671300

Al’manac of Modern Metrology № 4 (44) 2025, pages 150–160

The page of the article in Russian

Original article

Abstract. The use of fiber-optic communication lines (FOCL) equipped with bidirectional optical amplifiers (BDOA) for comparison of time scales of remote standards is considered. The main sources of errors in the operation of fiber-optic time scale comparison systems with such FOCLs are identified. A developed mathematical model of the error in time scale comparisons by fiber-optic systems using FOCLs with BDOAs is presented. The results of the error assessment of comparisons of time scales of standards at distances of up to 1000 km are presented.

Keywords: comparison of time scales, mathematical model of error, fiber-optic com­munication line, bidirectional optical amplifier, signal propagation delay

For citation: Kolmogorov O.V. Mathematical model of error of fiber-optic time scale comparison systems using fiber-optic communication lines with bidirectional optical amplifiers. Almanac of Modern Metrology. 44 (4), 150–160 (2025).

Funding. The research was conducted and the article was prepared at the initiative of the author without the involvement of external funding.
Contribution of the author. The research was conducted and the article was prepared by the author individually.
Conflict of interests. The author declares that there is no conflict of interest regarding the research presented in this article.

The article was submitted 06.10.2025; approved after reviewing 27.10.2025; accepted for publication 07.11.2025.

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