<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="ru">
    <front>
        <journal-meta>
            <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Almanac of Modern Metrology</journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                <journal-title xml:lang="ru">Альманах современной метрологии</journal-title>
                <trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
                    <trans-title>Almanac of Modern Metrology</trans-title>
                </trans-title-group>
            </journal-title-group>
            <issn publication-format="print">2313-8068</issn>
        </journal-meta>
        <article-meta>
            <article-id pub-id-type="edn">LBZRWP</article-id>
<article-categories>
    <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en">
    <subject>Navigation instruments</subject>
</subj-group>
<subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru">
    <subject>Приборы навигации</subject>
</subj-group>
<subj-group subj-group-type="article-type">
    <subject>Research Article</subject>
</subj-group>
</article-categories>
<title-group>
    <article-title>Оценка погрешности определения орбиты низкоорбитального спутника и градиентов гравитационного потенциала по измерениям навигационной аппаратуры потребителей глобальных навигационных спутниковых систем</article-title>
    <trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
        <trans-title>Assessment of orbit determination error for a low-orbit satellite and gradients of the gravitational potential based on global navigation satellite system user equipment measurements </trans-title>
    </trans-title-group>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
    <contrib contrib-type="author">
    	<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0002-3182-1947</contrib-id>
<name-alternatives>    
		<name xml:lang="ru">
		    <surname>Погуляев</surname>
		    <given-names>Дмитрий Игоревич</given-names>
		</name>
		<name xml:lang="en">
		    <surname>Pogulyaev</surname>
		    <given-names>Dmitry I. </given-names>
		</name>
</name-alternatives>
<email xlink:type="simple">pdi@vniiftri.ru</email>
    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1" />
	</contrib>     	
  <contrib contrib-type="author">
    	<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7591-8877</contrib-id>
<name-alternatives>    
		<name xml:lang="ru">
		    <surname>Лопатин</surname>
		    <given-names>Владислав Павлович</given-names>
		</name>
		<name xml:lang="en">
		    <surname>Lopatin</surname>
		    <given-names>Vladislav P.</given-names>
		</name>
</name-alternatives>
<email xlink:type="simple">lopatin@vniiftri.ru</email>
    <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1" />
	</contrib>
</contrib-group>
	<aff-alternatives id="aff1">
    <aff>
        <institution xml:lang="ru">ФГУП «ВНИИФТРИ»</institution>
    </aff>	
    <aff>
        <institution xml:lang="en">FSUE “VNIIFTRI”</institution>
    </aff>
</aff-alternatives>
<content-language>ru</content-language>
    <pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-03-31" publication-format="print">
    <day>31</day>
    <month>03</month>
    <year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date date-type="collection">
    <year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<issue>1(45)</issue>
<issue-title xml:lang="ru" />
<fpage>51</fpage>
<lpage>62</lpage>
<history>
    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-11-24">
        <day>24</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2025</year>
    </date>
    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-12-01">
        <day>01</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2025</year>
    </date>
</history>
<permissions>
    
    <copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; Погуляев Д.И., Лопатин В.П., 2025</copyright-statement>
    <copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; Погуляев Д.И., Лопатин В.П., 2025</copyright-statement>
    <copyright-year>2025</copyright-year>
    <copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Погуляев Д.И., Лопатин В.П.</copyright-holder>
    <copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Погуляев Д.И., Лопатин В.П.</copyright-holder>
    <ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" />
    <license>
        <ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref>
    </license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://asm.vniiftri.ru/stati/ocenka-pogreshnosti-opredeleniya-orbity-nizkoorbitalnogo-sputnika-i-gradientov-gravitacionnogo-potenciala-po-izmereniyam-navigacionnoj-apparatury">https://asm.vniiftri.ru/stati/ocenka-pogreshnosti-opredeleniya-orbity-nizkoorbitalnogo-sputnika-i-gradientov-gravitacionnogo-potenciala-po-izmereniyam-navigacionnoj-apparatury</self-uri>
<abstract>
    В статье рассматриваются методы определения орбиты низкоорбитального космического аппарата — кинематический и динамический. Кинематический метод чувствителен к ошибочным измерениям и непрерывности данных измерений по коду и фазе несущей. В динамическом методе отсутствие данных измерений устраняется за счёт усреднения измерений на определённом интервале времени, однако из-за недостатка информации о модели движения космического аппарата динамические решения расходятся. Для апробации метода предложена схема испытаний с использованием имитатора сигналов глобальных навигационных спутниковых систем (ГНСС), позволяющего воспроизводить орбитальное движение космического аппарата с заданными параметрами, включая моделирование гравитационного поля Земли. Проведён численный анализ влияния высших гармоник гравитационного потенциала на точность определения орбиты. Для достижения требуемой точности в 2–5 см по высоте необходимо использовать модель гравитационного поля как минимум до 70-го порядка. Применение имитаторов сигналов ГНСС является экономически эффективным способом моделирования орбитального сценария полёта.     
</abstract>
<trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
    The paper discusses methods for determining the orbit of a low-orbit satellite — kinematic and dynamic. The kinematic method is sensitive to measurement errors and the continuity of code and carrier phase measurement data. In the dynamic method, the lack of measurement data is compensated by averaging measurements over a specific time interval; however, due to insufficient information about the satellite motion model, dynamic solutions diverge. To test the method, a testing scheme using a global navigation satellite system (GNSS) signal simulator is proposed, which allows reproducing the orbital motion of the satellite with specified parameters, including modeling the Earth’s gravitational field. A numerical analysis of the high-order gravitational potential harmonics influence on orbit determination accuracy is conducted. To achieve the required accuracy of 2–5 cm in height, it is necessary to use a gravitational field model at least up to the 70th order. The use of GNSS signal simulators is an economically efficient way to simulate orbital flight scenarios.</trans-abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="ru">
        <kwd>космический аппарат</kwd>
        <kwd>высокоточная орбита</kwd>
        <kwd>навигационная аппаратура потребителей</kwd>
        <kwd>гравитационный потенциал</kwd>
        <kwd>имитатор сигналов ГНСС</kwd>
        <kwd>динамический метод</kwd>
        <kwd>невязка координат</kwd>
    </kwd-group>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>satellite</kwd>
        <kwd>high-precision orbit</kwd>
        <kwd>navigation user equipment</kwd>
        <kwd>gravitational potential</kwd>
        <kwd>GNSS signal simulator</kwd>
        <kwd>dynamic method</kwd>
        <kwd>coordinate error</kwd>
    </kwd-group>
<funding-group>
    <funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено при финансовой поддержке Российского научного фонда в рамках научного проекта № 23-67-10007, https://rscf.ru/project/  23-67-10007/.</funding-statement>
<funding-statement xml:lang="en"> The study was carried out with the financial support of the Russian Science  Foundation within the framework of scientific project № 23-67-10007, https://rscf.ru/  project/23-67-10007/. Contribution of the auth</funding-statement>	
</funding-group>
        </article-meta>
    </front>
    <body />
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        <fn-group>
            <fn fn-type="conflict">
    <p>The authors declare that they have no potential conflict of interest in  connection with the research presented in this article.</p>
</fn>        	
        </fn-group>
    </back>
</article>